의료진, 진료과/클리닉/전문센터, 질환정보, 자주하는질문, 병원소식이 통합검색 됩니다.
Having succeeded in the first in-vitro fertilization as a private hospital in 1987 and first Cryoperservation of human embryos in Asia in 1988, MizMedi’s iDream Clinic provides the top-quality infertility treatment service to bring the joy of pregnancy and delivery to those who are suffering from infertility.
Highly experienced specialists appropriately employ artificial/in-vitro fertilization techniques, and laparoscopy and hysteroscopy to raise the success rates of pregnancy. An in response to the surging rates of male subfertility, the center closely works with the specialists of urology.
MizMedi Hospital was the nation first hospital to obtain the ISO accreditation in the field of subfertility treatment, standardizing the service system and managing the eggs/sperm/fertilized eggs in a systematic way, and, now as the leader in the field of subfertility, the hospital is focusing on distributing its proprietary techniques with continued research and development efforts.
MizMedi Hospital was the nation’s first hospital to obtain the ISO accreditation in the field of subfertility treatment, standardizing the service system and managing the eggs/sperm/fertilized eggs in a systematic way, and, now as the leader in the field of subfertility, the hospital is focusing on distributing its proprietary techniques with continued research and development efforts.
The entire spaces in the egg-collection room and embryo cultivation room are equipped with the special filtering equipment to block even the finest dust from entering the spaces and are also equipped with the embryo-cultivating incubators that use specially mixed gases to further raise the rates of pregnancy.
The space utilizes natural lighting to the maximum to provide a cozy atmosphere for those who wait for diagnostic and treatment services.
No exact causes are known for this syndrome. Complex actions including genetic factors or insulin resistance may be causes, and the disorder in the secretion of hormone that is induced by this syndrome cause diverse clinical patterns and complications. Insulin resistance is most commonly caused by obesity, and it can also be witnessed in thin women.
Irregular Menstrual Period | Oligomenorrhea (less than eight menstrual periods in a year), amenorrhea, very small quantities of menstruation, large irregular bleeding, etc. |
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Skin/Appearance-related Symptoms | Acne, excess body and facial hair, hair loss, darkening skin |
Inferility | |
Overweight, obesity | Male type obesity (abdominal obesity) can occur, but not always so. |
No single-test is currently available for diagnosing the syndrome.
As the syndrome cause diverse disorders in hormone secretions and show the symptoms that can also be witnessed with other diseases, a thorough test is important, which requires the testing on the morning of the 2nd-3rd day of menstruation.
A patient is diagnosed with the syndrome when she is found to have at least five cysts sized under 10mm in the ovary. Such small cysts are the ones remaining from the follicles that failed to grow further for ovulation. As the number of cysts increases, the ovary becomes larger, showing distinct disorders in hormone secretions.
Height, Weight and BMI
No single treatment method is currently available to completely cure the syndrome, but there may be diverse methods for controlling it. Such treatments can help improve the symptoms but if the treatments are suspended, the symptoms and the disorders in hormone secretions can recur, requiring continued treatment efforts to reduce the risk of the occurrence of complications.
Weight Reduction | The primary method recommended for the overweight or obese women. A 5-7% reduction of weight can contribute to normal ovulation and long-term prevention of complications. Therefore, overweight or obese women need to begin the treatment of the syndrome with weight reduction. However, weight reduction requires a very high level of self-control, leading to repetitive failures. MizMedi Hospital's specialists in endocrinology and family medicine provide diverse services in the hospital's Obesity Clinic. |
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Ovulation Inducing Agent; Oral or Injection |
Induced ovulation for a higher possibility of pregnancy |
Contraceptives | Besides the contraceptive effects, drugs can reduce male hormones to improve excess hair, acne, and etc. |
Progesterone Agent | Endometrium can be protected by inducing regular menstruations. |
Insulin Lowering Drugs; Metformin, etc. | Lowering the levels of insulin and male hormone can improve the symptoms, induce regular ovulations and prevent complications. The possibility of pregnancy can also be raised by taking other ovulation including drugs at the same time. This can lower the rates of spontaneous abortion and gestational diabetes, which can be seen in the syndrome. |
Ovary Drilling | This is a surgical technique of puncturing the membranes surrounding the ovary with an electric surgical needle using laparoscopic procedures, which is employed when the patient does not show response to the ovulation inducing agent. Unlike an abdominal operation, it seldom causes adhesion around the ovary, and 40% of the patients begin regular ovulations after procedure. However, surgical procedures are employed only when medications have been failed. |
Other Treatments Based on Symptoms | For the treatment of the excess body and facial hair, acne, and etc., antiandrogenic agent, shaving, decolorizing, electrolysis, laser treatment, and etc. can be used. |
Currently, the exact cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome is not known but the syndrome is thought to be caused by complex actions of diverse causes as well as genetic factors. In recent years, insulin resistance is drawing an increased attention as one of the causes and, diabetes is actually being frequently found in the diagnostic process of the syndrome.
Insulin resistance is a condition in which insulin is not effectively used for controlling the level of sugar though it is normally secreted. Insulin resistance causes the human body to need more insulin for the normal control of sugar, resulting in higher levels of insulin in blood. This again causes to increase male hormones, which cause the characteristic symptoms like acne, anovulation and infertility.
The most common cause of insulin resistance is obesity, but it is also found in thin women as well. Insulin resistance causes metabolic syndrome which is characterized by diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and diabetes.
As the relations between polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance were revealed, insulin lowering drugs began to be used in the treatment of the syndrome, leading to a more fundamental treatment of the syndrome. The most commonly used drug is metformin, which is a blood sugar depressant for oral medication. Metformin enhances the reaction of insulin to lower the levels of blood sugar and insulin. This leads to lower levels of male hormones to improve diverse symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome and prevent long-term complications. Additionally, a single treatment can induce normal ovulations and co-medication with other ovulation inducing agents can contribute to a higher possibility of pregnancy. Unlike ovulation inducing agents, however, it does not provide the risk of multiple births, and unlike other blood sugar lowering drugs, it actually provides no side effect of hypoglycaemia.
The most common side effects of metformin are the ones related to the digestive system including nausea, vomiting stomachache and diarrhea, and these symptoms can be mostly improved within several weeks from the start of treatments. As the improvement is proportional to the amount of drugs, the quantities can be gradually increased. In the patients of the disorders of the kidney, liver and lungs, there is an increased risk of complications, requiring consultation with the doctor prior to medication for the test including a blood test.
The most important thing in the control of polycystic ovary syndrome is the appropriate recognition and information about the syndrome. In this sense, attention should be continuously paid to the syndrome before and after childbirth, and continued consultations with the specialists in the field are also recommended.
The function of the ovary is directly related with a woman's age. The number of eggs the ovary contains at the time of her birth is already determined, and, as the number continues to decrease from the first menarche to menopause, the function of the ovary gradually decreases. The symptoms can be seen in the patients who have received anti-cancer treatment, radiotherapy, or the past General Surgery performed on the ovary, and the functions can also be affected by the past General Surgery that can reduce blood supply to the ovary, inflammation or, sometimes, smoking.
The tests for predicting the functions of the ovary include FSH test, estradiol value test, AMH test and ultrasound. The ultrasound test evaluates the ovarian function by counting the number of small follicles inside the ovary.
FSH and Estradiol Value Tests | Higher levels than the standards of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) that is secreted from the pituitary gland, and estradiol that is secreted from the ovary mean the function of the ovary has been lowered. In other words, if the function of the ovary is lowered, more hormones need to be secreted from the pituitary gland to stimulate the ovary for ovulation. |
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AMH Test | Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is the hormone secreted from the small follicles inside the ovary, and its lower level means a lower number of eggs. Though the number of eggs is not necessarily related to a higher possibly of pregnancy, a lower level can cause a reduced possibility of pregnancy, requiring more active attempts for pregnancy. The patients who have ovarian dysfunction despite a young age are recommend to receive procedures that can raise the possibility of pregnancy. The functions of the ovary cannot be improved with only one occasion of treatment and, as the functions continue to worsen as the patients age, time is essential for pregnancy. In this sense, patients are sometimes advised to directly take IVF without artificial insemination. |
The lowered function of the ovary means a lower response to hyperovulation that is employed in in-vitro procedure. The results of the studies on the pregnancy rates of the patients with the lowered ovarian response differ, and one of the reasons is the fact that the ovarian dysfunction is not clearly defined yet. The related experts who participated in the expert meeting held in Bologna in 2010 agreed on the definitions of the ovarian dysfunction to the effect that a patient has the ovarian dysfunction if she satisfies at least two out of the following conditions:
Showing the Following Symptoms | Having the following risk factors: Over 40 years of age, endometrioma of the ovary on ultrasound, past experience of ovarian General Surgery, past experience of anti-cancer treatments, genetic abnormalities (Turner syndrome, FMR1 premutation), pelvic inflammation, damaged fallopian tube, shortened menstruation cycle |
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Having Showed a Lowered Response in the Past In-Vitro Procedure | Less than three eggs were collected despite the daily injection of 150 IU FSH minimum, or the procedures were suspended due to the growth of less than three follicles. |
Results of the Ovarian Function Test Having Shown Dysfunction |
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If the patient experienced lowered ovarian response in the past or did not show a positive response to the first IVF attempt, how should IVF be done? There is no single answer to this question.
The answer depends on the conditions of the patients including those who are predicted to show a normal response and need higher doses of injection for the response of hyperovulation.
In case the number of eggs do not exceed despite the IVF procedure, the only egg that is naturally ovulated is retrieved or an ovulation inducing agent is medicated while minimizing the use of injections.
As assistive alternatives, some dietary supplements and the injection of growth hormone are sometime used, and though these are not clinically tried, they still are helpful to some extent.
Medical Causes | Varicocele, infection, ejaculation problem, antisperm antibody, cryptorchidism, hormone problems, sperm duct blockage, tumor, chromosome abnormalities, past surgeries, and etc. |
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Environmental Causes | Chemical substances for industrial use, heavy metals, radiation, exposure of testicles to high temperature, etc. |
Lifestyle Causes | Excessive use of drugs, heavy drinking, smoking, stress, overweight, etc. |
Physical Exam | Testicles and scrotum, seminal duct, varicocele, and etc. should be examined. |
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Medical History | Disease, past General Surgery, medication, genetic disease, intercourse, and etc. should be checked. |
Semen Analysis | Maintain abstinence for 2-3 days. If normal, one occasion of semen analysis is sufficient, but if any abnormal sign is suspected, one or two more examinations may be recommended. In the examination of semen, it checks the quantity of sperm, sperm count, motility, leukocyte count, and etc. are checked. |
Semen DNA Exam | If there is varicocele, or the assisted reproduction procedure continues to fail, semen DNA examination aimed at checking DNA damages is recommended. |
Hormone Test | Hypothalamus, pituitary gland and testicles are important in the production of sperm and male hormones. FSH, LH, Estrogen, Testosterone, Prolactin, and etc. should be checked. |
Urine Test | Performed after semen exam, this test is aimed at checking infections that can affect pregnancy. Retrograde ejaculation, by which semen is redirected to the urinary bladder, can also be checked with the urine test. |
Genetic Testing | Genetic testing is conducted in the cases of low sperm count, aspermia or recurrent miscarriages. |
Other Blood Tests | Overall conditions including infections that can affect pregnancy, liver functions, hyperlipidemia are checked. |
Ultrasound Test | Varicocele, abnormalities of testicles or epididymis, etc. are checked with testis ultrasound, and prostate, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, etc. are checked with prostate ultrasound. |
Surgical Treatment | If diagnosed with varicocele, the enlarged blood vessel should be surgically removed. And in the case of obstructive azoospermia, vaso-epididymostomy should be performed to reconstruct the passageway of sperm. Those who received vasectomy in the past can receive vaso-epididymostomy. |
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Infection Treatment | Treatment of infections with antibiotics can also raise the possibility of pregnancy. |
Hormone Treatment | This can be performed on the patient of infertility having hormone problems. |
Alternatrive Drugs | Arginine, Carnitine, Coenzyme Q10, Folic acid, Glutathione, Omega fatty acids, Selenium, Vitamine A, Vitamine C, Vitamine E, Zinc |
What is varicocele? | Being one of the common causes of infertility visiting the hospital at the rates of 20-30%, varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum. |
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How Does it Cause Infertility? | Testes are located outside the body to keep them at a lower temperature than the body. The major functions of testes are production of sperm and secretion of male hormone, and, if there is varicocele, the testes are put in a bad environment. It can cause raised temperature of testes, diminished supply of oxygen, reduced reproductive organ hormones, toxic substances to negatively affect the motility, shape, count, etc. of sperm, and can sometimes cause pain on the scrotum. |
How Is It Diagnosed? | Depending on the level of symptoms, it can be divided into three levels, with the most enlarged one being visible with the naked eye. It can also be diagnosed with simple digital exploration, and also sometime using ultrasound. In terms of anatomy, it mostly occurs on the left side of the scrotum, but can sometimes occur on both sides. |
Should This Always Be Treated? | General Surgery for varicocele is, in general, performed for pregnancy. Cases in which neither pregnancy is wanted nor pain is caused and no change in the sizes of testes are not considered as surgical implications.. |
How Is It Treated? | While there are diverse methods of treatment, the surgical removal using the microscope is known to show the highest success rate and lowest complications. The patient can be discharged on the next day of the General Surgery. |
What Are the Advantages of Surgical Treatment | After General Surgery, the symptoms of varicocele improve in 60-80% of the patients, raising the possibility of natural pregnancy to about 40-50% within a year and to about 70% within two years. |
What serves the most important role in natural conception is sperm having a good motility and a sufficient amount of cervical mucus. Therefore, the followings should first be considered:
In case sperm's motility is diminished or cervical mucus is not properly secreted due to cervical conization, and etc., AI is preferable than natural conception for a higher possibility of pregnancy.
AI may also be considered if natural conception does not occur for at least six months to one year despite no particular abnormalities found in the infertility exam.
As AI should be implemented inside the body, at least one fallopian tube should be properly functioning, and, IVF is strongly recommended when both tubes are blocked or any significant ovarian dysfunction or significantly lowered conditions of the sperm.
※ While AI may be conducted based on the natural menstrual cycle, hyperovulation is mostly used for a higher possibility of pregnancy. The rate of successful pregnancy per cycle is about 20%.
A. Long Protocol | From one month before beginning IVF, GnRH agonist is medicated. Hypodermic injections are provided 7-10 days before menstruation, and as menstruation begins, ultrasound and hormone exams are performed to check if the conditions are appropriate for inducing ovulation, and gonadotrophin is injected to induce hyperovulation. The state of ovulation is checked through ultrasound and blood tests every 2-3 days on average. The stage, though it is long due to injections, is characterized by its stability. |
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B. Short Protocol | From the third day from of menstruation, gonadotrophin is injected, and when follicle is grown to a certain size, GnRH antagonist is injected to prevent premature ovulation and retrieve egg. When compared to a long protocol, the growth of follicle may not sometimes be even, but the period for injections is relatively short, with the rates of pregnancy are similar. |
C. Mild IVF | Mild IVF is used to prevent the side effects associated with high stimulation IVF and uses a lesser amount of injections for inducing ovarian hyperstimulation. In general, an ovulation inducing agent is also used to use a lesser amount of injections. |
D. Natural Cycle IVF | In this method, no hyperstimulation-inducing injection is used to retrieve the egg on the day of natural menstruation. The process is simple and costs less, but exclusively used in the group that shows an extremely low egg retrieval rate. |
A. Egg Retrieval | As the mature follicle is monitored on ultrasound, gonadotrophin is injected and the egg is retrieved after about 34-36 hours later. In most cases, the eggs are retrieved from the patient using a transvaginal technique called transvaginal oocyte retrieval, involving an ultrasound-guided needle piercing the vaginal wall to reach the ovaries. |
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B. Sperm Preparation | Sperm is prepared for fertilization on the day of egg retrieval, and abstinence 2-3 ahead of sperm preparation is recommended. Sperm is collected in the container through masturbation, and, depending on the situation, can be collected from the frozen sperm or through a surgical procedure. |
And, considering the fact that the long term embryo culture method is being widely adopted in recent years, the culture method using ambient humidity helps prevent microbiosis of the embryos, and the individual embryo culture spaces contribute to preventing cross-infection.
In checking the developmental stages of embryos using the conventional microscope, there have been limits to checking the division and morphological development of abnormal embryonic cells. As this time-lapse monitoring system is capable of checking the growth stages of embryos on a real-time basis, the best embryos for transfer can be selected, which contributes to higher rates of pregnancy.
Additionally, instead of having to regularly take out the embryos from the incubator to monitor the conditions in the past, the system allows for monitoring the developmental stage of embryos on a real-time basis using the monitor connected to the microscope that is inside the incubator, which contributes to block harmful substances entering from outside and reducing the stress caused by the changes in the environment.
Genetic Factors (3-6%) |
These are miscarriages caused by chromosomal disorders involving parental karyotype, and can be determined by examining the chromosomes of both partners. |
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Anatomical Factors (12-16%) |
Anatomical defects of the uterus including bicornate uterus and septate can cause recurrent miscarriages or infertility. |
Endocrine Factors (17-20%) |
These factors refer to hormonal and metabolic imbalances. Imbalances in diverse hormones affecting pregnancy and the retention of pregnancy are such factors, which include such metabolic imbalances as thyroid dysfunction, diabetes and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Reports say hypothyroidism or the autoimmune disease of the thyroid can cause an increased risk of miscarriage, and the imbalances in glycometabolism due to the polycystic ovarian syndrome and diabetes can also cause higher rates of miscarriage. |
Immune Factors and Thrombophilia (20-50%) |
These factors refer to the autoimmune disease like the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, increased activities of the natural killer cells, etc., and thrombophilia caused by these factors are known to raise the rates of miscarriage. |
Infection (0.5-5%) | A certain vaginitis and pelvic inflammatory disease are associated with the early-stage miscarriages. |
Unexplained (10%) | These cases are the ones whose causes are not determined after having performed all of the above-mentioned examinations, which account for a 10% of the entire cases. |
Genetic Factors | Appropriate consultations on the genetic factors including the parental chromosomes are needed, and the preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can also be useful. |
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Anatomical Factors |
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Endocrine Factors |
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Immune Factors and Thrombophilia |
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Infection | The disease can be diagnosed through the examination of vaginal secretion, and can be easily treated using antibiotics. |
Cells are collected from the day-3 embryo (8-cell embryo) or the day-5 embryo (blastocyst) using the embryo micromanipulation technique. Collecting the cells from each embryo does not affect the generation and implantation of the embryo and gestation at all, and the collected blastocytes are used for a molecular cytogenetic examination before implantation.
This is the simplest method to diagnose the numerical aberrations of chromosomes in the embryo.
For the process, the FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) method by which the fluorescent probe is used is employed to conduct genetic examination. This genetic examination is mostly employed for, among the patients of subfertility, the relatively aged women and those who experience recurrent miscarriage or tend to lose pregnancy during in vitro fertilization. The numerical aberrations of chromosomes are checked mostly upon the X and Y sex chromosomes related to Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome, chromosome 21 related to Down syndrome, chromosome 18 related to Edwards syndrome, chromosome 13 related to Patau syndrome, and etc.
The whole DNA is amplified from the embryonic cells that are collected using the recently developed WGA (whole genome amplification) technique, and the chromosomes are checked for aberration using the array CGH technique.
Embryo freezing (embryo cryopreservation) after IVF is adopted in the women who cannot conceive at the moment due to cancer treatment, etc. and whose level of fertility is significantly lowered. This method of freezing the embryos that are fertilized with the spouse's sperm has been showing high success rates (about 50-60% of pregnancy after transfer of the frozen embryo) of pregnancy with extensive clinical experiences. However, this method cannot be adopted for unmarried women as their eggs cannot be fertilized.
Ovarian tissue freezing is mostly employed in young cancer patients for whom hormone hyperstimulation cannot be opted. In such patients, their ovarian tissues are surgically collected using laparoscopy, etc. before conducting cancer treatment that can cause diminished ovarian function and, upon completion of cancer treatment, the frozen tissues are transplanted upon subcutaneous tissues or inside the abdominal cavity. In the laboratory, the ovary’s outer layer (called ovarian cortex) is cut into small strips and frozen. Despite some advantages including no need for the period of hormone hyperstimulation and the recovery of fertility after transplant and endocrinal functions, its rate of successful pregnancy is still low.
In this method, a multiple number of eggs are collected in one menstrual cycle of the unmarried women through the minimum level of hormone stimulation and freeze them for preservation. This method is conducted in a similar manner to IVF, but the mature eggs are immediately frozen without fertilization for future use. This method is relatively simple and does not require surgical procedures, but the time for hormone hyperstimulation is required for those patients who have to undergo cancer treatment.
The fallopian tube is an important area where the union between the egg and sperm occurs. Abnormalities found here may require surgical treatment depending on the conditions, and if it is judged normal function of the tube may not be possible after General Surgery, IVF needs to be considered.
If the fallopian tube is adhered to the neighboring areas and only its tip is blocked, the tube should be opened. Hydrosalpinx acts to reduce the rate of pregnancy by half and can cause miscarriage, and therefore, when conducting IVF, tubal ligation or tubectomy is generally implemented for a higher rate of pregnancy.
If the fallopian tube is severely damaged or its ultrastructure is maintained, the function of the tube can be recovered by opening the blocked tip of the tube through tuboplasty. However, as tuboplasty can sometimes cause tubal pregnancy, IVF is more often conducted after tuboplasty if IVF has failed for multiple times.
In the treatment of uterine fibroid that occurred in the ovary of a patient of infertility, maintaining the functions of the ovary is most important, and, in principle, it should not be removed if its size is about 4cm in diameter. General Surgery may be considered if there is a risk of hysterorrhexis due to the location of endometriosis or the pain is significant, but the functions of the ovary can be lowered after General Surgery.
Surgical treatment of uterine fibroid should be determined based on the size and location. In some cases, large submucosal uterine fibroid that changes the space inside the uterus or intramuscular fibroid is better to be removed using laparoscopy. Melting fibroids should be carefully selected as it can extend the uterus during pregnancy, causing rupture of the uterus.
Upon checking the above lesions, the surgical instrument is inserted through another path attached to the hysteroscope to precisely remove or burn the lesions only.
Diagnostic hyteroscopy is performed using a fine hysteroscope without anesthesia, and usually takes about two to five minutes. Surgical hysteroscopy is performed under either general or local anesthesia, and, as it is finished within a short period of time, it does not require hospitalization and the patient can be discharged within 15-30 minutes after the General Surgery, allowing the patient to lead normal daily life from the next day. It is a relatively simple General Surgery involving no postoperative pain, while rarely the patient can suffer mild pain or stomachache, which can last from 30 minutes to eight hours. In most cases, the patient can get pregnant soon after the General Surgery.
The lesions inside the uterus cause infertility, and the uterine anomaly and adhesions inside the uterine can cause recurrent miscarriages.
Hysteroscopic images of the uterine septum of the patient who experienced recurrent miscarriage
Hysteroscopic General Surgery can cause postoperative infection, uterine perforations, vaginal bleeding, imbalance in electrolyte due to excessive supply of fluids, etc.
MizMedi Hospital is the leader in the field of subfertility treatment and the nation’s first hospital to obtain the ISO accreditation in the field. The hospital provides the world-class management of eggs/sperm/embryos through the standardized service system and systematic management, and is equipped with the most advanced facilities and equipment to deliver effective and comprehensive care in assisted reproduction.
(1) Sperm Induction of acrosome reaction in spermatozoa accelates development of fertilized human oocyte after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (52th ASRM, 1996).Identification of round spermatid from testis biopsy and its application in human ART program. (10th World Congress on IVF & ART, 1997) Detailed semen analysis and ICSI in azoospermia-like infertile patients. (53th ASRM, 1997)
(2) AZF and Microdeletion Microdeletions of Y Chromosome in Korean Male Infertility Patients (5th ICA,1997) Evaluation of spermatogenesis by DAZ and protamine-2 gene in human testis biopsy (5th ICA, 1997) The Incidence of microdeletion and the frequency of AZFa, b, c deletion in male infertility patients. (53th ASRM, 1997)
(3) ART Application of ICSI or ROSI by testicular biopsy in non-obstructive azoospermia.(53th ASRM, 1997) Analysis of fertilization, embryonic development and pregnancy rates after ICSI using spermatozoa obtained from fresh or frozen-thawed testicular tissues (54th ASRM, 1998)
(1) Oocytes Production of mature oocyte from frozen-thawed primordial follicular oocyte by reconstruction with cytoplasm of full grown germinal vesicle(GV)-stage oocyte. (55th ASRM, 1999)
(2) Follicle In vitro Growth of Primordial Follicular Oocyte in the Frozen-Thawed Ovarian Tissue of Neonatal Mouse (54th ASRM, 1998) Steroidogenesis in the Frozen-Thawed 18 Weeks Human Fetal Ovarian Tissues Cultured In Vitro (54th ASRM, 1998) TGF βI and TGF βII were detected from fresh 18 weeks fetal ovarian tissue in human.
(3) Ovarian Endocrinology Expression of Melatonin receptor gene in mouse gonad. (54th ASRM, 1998) The synergistic effect of VIP and FSH in vitro on the expression of FSH receptor gene in human fetal ovary. (55th ASRM, 1999) Expression of receptor genes for gonadotrophins and estrogens, and biosynthesis of estrogen in mid-gestational stage of human ovarian tissues. (55th ASRM, 1999) Expression and localization of cell cycle-related proteins and receptor genes for gonadotropins, estrogen, and aromatase in human fetal ovaries; a preliminary study (International Workshop on Early Folliculogenesis and Oocyte Development,1999) The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on estradiol biosynthesis in human fetal ovarian tissue in vitro.(International Workshop on Early Folliculogenesis and Oocyte Development 1999)
(1) Embryology Regulation of embryonic genome activation and compaction by the transfer of cytoplasm transfer with inhibitors of protein synthesis or protein kinase in mouse. (32th SSR, 1999)
(2) Hatching Biochemical Assisted Hatching by Proteases Increased Pregnancy Rates in Human IVF-ET Program (1996' ASRM) Application of biochemically assisted hatching(BAH) by proteases in human assisted reproductive technology program. (53th ASRM, 1997) Improvement of pregnancy and implantation rate by biochemical assisted hatching in human IVF-ET. (11th World Congress on IVF & Hum Reprod Genet, 1999) Outcome of Biochemical Assisted Hatching in 1068 IVF-ET Cycles Using Pronase in Human Assisted Reproductive Technology. (11th World Congress on IVF & Hum Reprod Genet, 1999) Biochemical assisted hatching(BAH) increased the implantation and pregnancy rate in human cryopreserved embryo transfer. (55h ASRM, 1999)
(3) Implantation Regulation of integrin a1, av, and b3 gene expression by leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF) during blastocyst outgrowth in the mouse.(30th SSR, 1997)
(1) Hatching and outgrowth according to various freezing procedures in mouse blastocyst cryopreservation. (12th ESHRE, 1996)
(2) Pregnancy from Translocation carrier patient with recurrent abortion by preimplantation genetic diagnosis using fluorescence in-situ hybridization. (52th ASRM, 1996)
(3) Assisted Reproductive Technology Program by Immature Oocyte Retrieval in Non-stimulated Cycle (54th ASRM, 1998)
(4) Clincial use of immature oocyte from normal and PCO women in non-stimulated IVF-ET program. (55th ASRM, 1999)
(1) Effect of the antioxidant supplemented into semen or sperm washing medium on functional parameter of human spermatozoa (KSFS 2006)
(2) Correlation between seminal parameter of patients and sperm DNA fragmentation estimated by comet assay (KSFS 2006)
Adult stem cells |
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mbryonic stem cells |
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Cytogenetics |
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Molecular genetics |
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